MusicSpoke | Artist Owned Sheet Music™

About the Score

Queen Liliʻuokalani (1838-1917), the last reigning monarch of Hawaiʻi, wrote Manu Kapalulu over a decade before her reign to rebuke those who were openly critical of her potential to reign. She used the piece to dismiss critics as "noisy quails" and assert her cultural authority. She integrated traditional references including Kilohana (the home of Hawaiian gods Haumea and Wākea in Kalihi Valley), the feeding of ʻaumakua (family gods), and the goddess Kapo (Hawaiian goddess of sorcery and fertility) to prover her mastery of Hawaiian knowledge and silence her naysayers.

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